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Chemistry of Cotton Fiber | internal chemical structure of cotton

The chemical composition of cotton fibers and the quantity of different consituatntts vary greatly with the type of plant, soil and climate. Row cotton fiber, after ginning, is essentially composed 94% cellulose.

Chemical composition of cotton fiber:

 Constituents                                     Percent
Cellulose                                           94.0%
Protein                                              1.3
Paretic substances                             1.2
Ash                                                   1.2
Fat and was                                      0.6
Organic acid, sugar and others          1.7

Calculated by multiplying their nitrogen content by 6.25

Although cellulose is  the chief component of plant cell-walls, as a naturally occurring material, it contains also a wide verity of other materials in small amounts notably protein, pectin substance es, ash and waxy materials. These are frequently called fiber impurities, but they exert a considerable influence he processing and usefulness of the fiber.

Ash: k4, An1, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Ail3+, etc.

Fat and Waxes: Cotton wax is found on the outer surface of the fiber,. Cotton wax is primarily long chains of fatty acids and alcohols. The cotton wax serves as a protective barrier for the cotton fiber. Liters (based on C15 – C33 fatty acids), Waxy alcohols (C24 – C34), hydrocarbons, etc.

Pectin substances: The pectin substances play an important role in plant life. The primary function of the pectin substances is the commenting together of the individual cells that compose4 the plant e.g. prospecting, pectin and pectin acid.


Proteins (also known as polypertides): They are organic compounds made of amino acids arranges in a linear chain and folded into a globour form. The amino acids in a polymer chain are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.

Organic acid and sugar: Organic acids are found in the cotton fiber as metabolic residues. They are made up of malic acid and citric acid. Sugar makes up three percent of the cotton fiber, the sugar comes from two sources plant sugar and sugar from insects. The plant sugars accrue from the growth process of the cotton plant. The plant sugars consist of monosaccharide, glucose and fructose. The insect sugars are mainly for whiteflies, the insect sugars can cause stickiness, which can lead to problems in the textile mills.
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