Cultivation of cotton | how to cultivate the cotton

Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and o moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1200 mm (24 to 48 inches). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional.

Soil: common needs a soil with an excellent water holding capacity and aeration and good drainage as it cannot withstand excessive moisture and water logging. The major group of soil of cotton cultivation are the alluvia soils,, black soils, and red sand loam.

Seed rate and piecing: Spending upon the variety, soil type, the cultivation on practices and method of showing, seed rates and spacing have been recommended. A seed rate of 15 – 25 kg/ha and spacing of 75 – 90 cm between the rows are generally recommended for irrigated condition.

Optimum sowing time: sawing of crops depends upon water resources and varies from region of region. Sowing in rows cane be done either by drilling, dibbling, or placing the seeds in furrows behind the ploughs.

Fertilizers: Fertilizer application differs from country f country depending upon available nutrients in the soil. For dry-land cotton crop, 20 kg of nitrogen, 18 kg of phosphorus and 78 kg patash is economical. Nitroget is applied in split doses, half dose at time of sowing and other doubled.

Water requirement: Watering depends upon the nature of the soil and the weather condition. Generally cotton crop needs 6 – 8 irrigations and 600 – 800 mm of water during its lifetime.

Cultivation parctices: Before sowing, the soil ploushed, loosened and harrowed to make soil sutibale for cultivation.

Interculture: Weed control begins 30 – 40 days after sowing. Thinning of cotton is a speicall feature of the irrigated crop.

Diseases and pests: cotton aphids, cotton jassids are controlled by spraying malathion 0.08%. Cotton leaf roller, spotted boll worm, pink boll worm are controlled by dusting crop with 10% carbonyl.

Optimum harvesting time: Cotton is harvested in three or more pickings taken suitable intervals. Tthe season of harvesting varies with of sowing, duration off variety. Generally the grop is sown in June-September and is September-October from November to March to June respectively. Well dried bolls are picked either manually or through harvesters.

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macro-structure of cotton fiber | Under a microscope cotton

Under a microscope a cotton fiber appears as a very fine, regular fiber, looking like a twisted ribbon or a collapsed and twisted tube. These twists are called convolutions there are about sixty convolutions per centimeter. The convolutions give cotton an uneven fiber surface, which increases inter-fiber friction and enables fine cotton, yearns of squatted strength to be spun. The appearance of the cotton fiber’s cross sections is referred as being kidney-shaped. The micro structure of cotton The cotton fiber is a single plant cell. Its cross-section is oval, compared with the normal hexagonal plant cell. Cotton has a district cuticle, well developed primary and secondary walls and a lumen. Layer 1 the cuticle is a waxy protective layer that provides water resistance to the fibers as they are growing. This lawyer is removed by scouring during processing before spinning.

Importance of twisted structure of textile fiber

Trelor in his Mather lecture, titled “Twisted Structures” adequately recognizes the role of twist in yarns and the part it plays in the design of textile structures .He discusses the obvious necessity of twist in the natural and staple fibers by pointing out “ Twist is essential to provide a certain minimum coherence between fibers, without a yarn having a significant tensile strength cannot be made. This coherence is dependent on the frictional forces brought into play by the lateral pressures between fibers arising from the application of a tensile stress along the yarn axis. With the introduction of continuous filament yarns, however, the role of twist must be reconsidered. In continuous filament yarns, twist is not necessary for the attainment of tensile strength (in fact, it reduces it) but it is necessary for the achievement of satisfactory resistance to abrasion, fatigue, or other types of damage associated with stresses other than a simple tensile stress, and typified ...

Types of Yarn twist | different types of yarn twist | S twist | Z twist

Types of Yarn twist different types of yarn twist S twist Z twist“S” TWIST: A single yarn has “S” twist if when it is held in the vertical direction , the fibers inclined to the conform in direction of slope of the contact portion of the letter “S”. axis of the yarn “Z” TWIST. A single has “Z” twist if when it is held in the vertical direction, the fibers inclined to the yarn axis conform in the direction of the slope to the central portion of the letter “Z”. DIRECTION OF TWIST: In the designation of yarns, it is essential to specify the direction of twist. Besides its importance in simplifying the trade, it is of great technical importance in designing fabrics. For example, in a twill fabric, the direction of twist in the yarn is of particular importance in determining the predominance of twill effect. For a right-handed twill, the best contrasting effect will be obtained when a yarn with Z twist is used; on the other-hand a left-handed twist will produce a fabric ha...

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