An abundant supply of water is necessary in order to run a
dyeing and finishing plant.dye houses are usually located in areas where the
natural water supply is sufficiently pure and plentiful. Water is used
extensively throughout textile processing operations. it is ubiquitous solvent
for dyes, chemicals. Rinsing and washing consumes enormous amounts of water.
Steam is still the major heat transfer media for dyeing and finishing. Source
of water
1. Rain water
2. Surface water
3. Subsoil water
4. Deep well water
2. Surface water
3. Subsoil water
4. Deep well water
Water standard for dyeing house:
Characteristic permissible limit
Color colorless
Smell odorless
Ph value Neutral ph 7-8
Hardness below 5 dh
Dissolved solid below 1 mg/l
Inorganic salt <500 mg/l
Iron <0.1mg/l
Manganese <0.01 mg/l
Copper <0.005mg/l
Nitrate <50mg/l
Nitrite <5mg/l
Characteristic permissible limit
Color colorless
Smell odorless
Ph value Neutral ph 7-8
Hardness below 5 dh
Dissolved solid below 1 mg/l
Inorganic salt <500 mg/l
Iron <0.1mg/l
Manganese <0.01 mg/l
Copper <0.005mg/l
Nitrate <50mg/l
Nitrite <5mg/l
Consistent water quality plays a very significant role in
the success of textile wet processing operations. Generally, process water
should have little or no chlorine. low metals content(i.e iron and copper) and
low salts concentration (i.e, chloride and sulfate). Alkalinity, ph and color.
water hardness is one of the major factors which should be concern.
Surfactant of water:
A surface active agent is a chemical compound which, when dissolved or dispersed in a liquid is preferentially absorbed at an interface and reduce the surface tension between it and other liquid. The characteristic feature of a surfactant molecule is its two ends attached by a covalent bond. the two ends have diametrically opposed polarities. the non polar end(Hydrocarbon chain) is hudrophobic and polar end is hydrophilic. They are usually organic compounds that are amphipathic,meaning they contain both hydrophobic groups and hydrophylic groups. Therefore they are typically sparing soluble in both organic solvents and water. Surfactants reduce the surface tension of water by absorbing at the air water interface. many surfactants can assemble in the bulk solution into aggregates that are known as micells. The concentration at which suractants begin to form micelles is known as the critical micelle concentration or CMC. Surfactants lower the surface tension of qa liquid,allowing easier spreading,and interfacial tension between two liquids.The term surfactant is a Contraction of “surface active agent”
A surface active agent is a chemical compound which, when dissolved or dispersed in a liquid is preferentially absorbed at an interface and reduce the surface tension between it and other liquid. The characteristic feature of a surfactant molecule is its two ends attached by a covalent bond. the two ends have diametrically opposed polarities. the non polar end(Hydrocarbon chain) is hudrophobic and polar end is hydrophilic. They are usually organic compounds that are amphipathic,meaning they contain both hydrophobic groups and hydrophylic groups. Therefore they are typically sparing soluble in both organic solvents and water. Surfactants reduce the surface tension of water by absorbing at the air water interface. many surfactants can assemble in the bulk solution into aggregates that are known as micells. The concentration at which suractants begin to form micelles is known as the critical micelle concentration or CMC. Surfactants lower the surface tension of qa liquid,allowing easier spreading,and interfacial tension between two liquids.The term surfactant is a Contraction of “surface active agent”
Classification
Surfactants are classified according to use, to ionic charge
and to chemical structure.
By use it can be classified as:
1.Wetting agent
2.Detergnt
3.Emulsifying agent
4.Dispersing agent
By ionic charge it can be classified as:
1.anionic
2.Cationic
3.Non ionic
4.Amphoteric
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